REVIEW_ARTICLE
ADENOSINE IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Besides being a metabolite of nucleotides like ATP, adenosine is a mediator
of neuronal function in the central nervous system. Its actions are mediated by at
least three extracellular receptors. In this review different aspects of adenosine
such as biosynthesis, release, inactivation and its receptors are discussed. It also
covers pre- and postsynaptic effects as well as postreceptor mechanisms of
adenosine. Finally, therapeutic aspects of this neuromodulator have been discussed.
http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1660-en.pdf
1996-02-15
361
368
Adenosine
Purine
Central nervous system
Review.
H
HOSSEINZADEH
1
From the Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
T.W
STONE
2
From the Department of Pharmacology, Glasgow University, Glasgow, Scotland, U.K.
AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE
ASSOCIATION OF ABO AND Rh(D) BLOOD GROUPS WITH TRICHURIASIS IN THE NORTH OF IRAN
http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1659-en.pdf
1996-02-15
359
360
M
SADJADI
1
Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.o.Box 71345•1798, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
J
MASSOUD
2
From the Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
CASE_STUDY
HYDATID DISEASE OF THE SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
Echinococcosis is a tissue infection of the human caused by the larval stage
of Echinococcus granulosus or E. multilocularis. Hydatid cyst of the head and
neck region is uncommon and involvement of the salivary glands, especially the
submandibular gland, is very rare. In this article, a case of submandibular gland
hydatid cyst is reported in a patient who presented with swelling of this area of 5
months' duration. Examination revealed a soft, nontender, mobile mass measuring
7x5 cm. Chest x-ray and abdominal ultrasonography were normal. Excision of the
mass was performed and pathologic examination revealed a hydatid cyst of the
submandibular gland.
http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1658-en.pdf
1996-02-15
357
358
Submandibular gland
hydatid cyst
echinococcus.
B
KHADEMI
1
From the Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
A.A
PEYVANDI
2
AUTHOR
K
ALAVI
3
AUTHOR
CASE_STUDY
CONGENITAL PERMANENT DIABETES MELLITUS WITH HYPOP LASIA OF THE PANCREAS: REPORT OF 2 CASES AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Two siblings (a girl and a boy) with intrauterine growth retardation and earlyonset
insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, who had a clinical syndrome consistent
with' congenital pancreatic hypoplasia will be reported.
http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1657-en.pdf
1996-02-15
355
356
Z
KARAMIZADEH
1
From the Department of Pediatrics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
G.H
AMIRHAKIMI
2
AUTHOR
CASE_STUDY
NEUROGENIC HYPERTENSION: REPORT OF FIVE CASES TO HIGHLIGHT THE CONTROVERSY
The entity of "neurogenic hypertension" is defined as arterial hypertension
caused explicitly by derangement of the intricate network of the central nervous
system.
Among 193 cases of cranial rhizopathies operated on between 1984 and 1995
at this center, 5 cases of established arterial hypertension with concomitant
rhizopathies also underwent ventrolateral medullary decompression. The elevated
blood pressure showed an incredible decline, reaching normal values after
vascular decompression. The systolic blood pressure however showed a much
greater fall than the diastolic component.
An endeavour is made to throw light on the cases operated on with special
emphasis on the central nervous system as an etiological factor to explain the cause
of essential hypertension.
http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1656-en.pdf
1996-02-15
351
354
Neurogenic Hypertension
Neurovascular Decompression
Cranial Rhizopathies.
S.A.F
TABATABAI
1
From the Dept. of Neurosurgery and Anesthesia, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
Z
HUSSAIN KHAN
2
AUTHOR
H
SABERI
3
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
COMPARISON OF THE PATTERN OF DIST RI BUTION OF AFLATOXIN B 1 METABOLITES IN ADULT AND NEWBORN RATS
Recently we have reported that newborn rats are deficient in the key enzymes
involved in the biotransformation of aflatoxin Bl (AFBl), a known
hepatocarcinogen. Based on these data, in vivo experiments were carried out in
order to investigate the bioavailability of this carcinogen in newborn rat tissues.
Administration of a single dose (i. p.) of [3HlAFB 1 to groups of adult and neonatal
rats resulted in the differential distribution of AFB 1 metabolites in these animals.
Uptake of aflatoxins by neonatal rats was about 50% of that in adults at all time
intervals. In newborn liver, the level of aflatoxin reached its maximum 6 h after
injection, and gradually decreased during the following 12 aod 24 h. In adult liver
the uptake was highest 2 h after AFB 1 administration.
A decrease of radioactivity in liver relative to time was associated with a surge
in aflatoxin levels in the sera of both age groups. Excretion of AFB 1 metabolites
was comparatively faster from newborn than from adult kidneys. Much lower
radioactivity was measured in tissues such as stomach, intestine and lungs
compared to liver. These observations indicate that the neonatal rat liver is less
efficient in the bioactivation of AFBl, as a result of which free AFB 1 (nonmetabolized)
may remain for a longer period of time in the organs of immature rats.
http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1655-en.pdf
1996-02-15
347
350
M
CHELCHELEH
1
AUTHOR
A
ALLAMEH
2
From the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarress University, P.O.Box 141554838, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
E
HAJIZADEH
3
AUTHOR
M.J
RASSAEE
4
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES TO HYPERCAPNIA AND VARYING LEVELS OF ARTERIAL pH IN THE ANESTHETIZED CAT
Effects of acute hypercapnia on the cardiovascular system (CYS) were studied
in the anesthetized cat. After surgery the animal was exposed to a gas mixture of
12% CO2 and 25% O2 in nitrogen, and hypercapnia with low levels of arterial pH
(pHa) was produced for 20 minutes. In the second run the same level of
hypercapnia was induced by ventilating the same cat from the above gas mixture
but pHa was kept normal by a slow and continuous infusion of 1HAM (0.5 mM/
kg/min). Results of this study showed that hypercapnia increased aortic flow and
induced peripheral vasodilation. Hypercapnia produced tachycardia in the
presence of arterial acidosis whereas in its absence this response reversed to
bradycardia. Hypercapnia increased mean arterial blood pressure (Pa) by 20%
during low pHa, whereas this increase was only 10% in the absence of arterial
acidosis. Therefore, it is concluded that hypercapnia in conjunction with arterial
acidosis has a much stronger stimulatory influence on the CYS via different
arterial chemoreceptors.
http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1654-en.pdf
1996-02-15
341
345
Hypercapnia
acidosis
cardiovascular system
arterial chemoreceptors.
G.A
DEHGHANI
1
From the Dept. of Physiology, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
A
KHOSHBATEN
2
From the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
CIGARETTE SMOKE/ETHANOL-INDUCED LIMB DEFECTS IN MOUSE EMBRYOS
We have produced a spectrum of limb defects in developing mouse embryos by
exposing the mother to smoke from cigarettes with different nicotine concentrations,
ethanol, and a combination of ethanol and cigarette smoke. The critical time of
exposure was determined to be during day 10 of gestation (vaginal plug=day 0).
This time is prior to the critical events which occur between the apical ectodermal
ridge and the developing limb mesenchyme. When pregnant animals were
exposed to smoke from two high-nicotine cigarettes (at 10:30 a.m. and II :30 a.m.
on day 10), no limb defects were observed. If ethanol was given (0.015 mg/g 25%
i.p. in two doses on the morning of day 10) one percent of offspring showed a limb
defect. By contrast, exposure to a combination of cigarette smoke and ethanol
resulted in 43% (44/102) of newborns developing both fore - and hindlimb defects.
Birth weight was reduced by about 33% in animals carrying the defects. When
mesenchyme cells beneath the limb apical ectodermal ridge were examined two
days after teratogen exposure, striking changes in cell shape and size were evident.
In as much as the incidence of mesenchymal changes in the limb buds seen on day
12 parallels the incidence of malformations seen in newborns, we postulate that
anomalous limb development is secondary to the events occurring in the limb
mesenchyme. We conclude that critical stages of development occur in the limb
buds, and therefore certain teratogens or combinations of teratogenic agents may
interfere with their normal development.
http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1653-en.pdf
1996-02-15
333
340
A
FAZEL
1
From the Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
INFLUENCE OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS ISOLATED FROM THE RAT LIVER WITH VARIOUS STAGES OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE-INDUCED FIBROSIS UPON COLLAGEN FIBRILLOGENESIS IN VITRO
The influence of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) on collagen fibrillogenesis in
vitro was investigated. GAG and collagen were isolated from the liver of rats treated
with carbon tetrachloride at various time intervals (3-16 weeks). It was found that
GAG obtained from the fibrotic liver accelerated collagen fibril formation. This
effect was more evident in a solution of type I collagen than type III collagen. Studies
on the liver samples showed that collagen was relatively slowly liberated in a solution
of acid from the fibrotic liver as compared to normal tissue. The observed phenomena
were related to the stage of fibrosis, i.e., to the duration of carbon tetrachloride
treatment. Therefore, a role for GAG alteration in the development of hepatic fibrosis
is suggested.
http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1651-en.pdf
1996-02-15
327
332
Hepatic fibrosis
collagen
fibrillogenesis
glycosaminoglycan.
E.J
KUCHARZ
1
From the Department of Internal Medicine, Silesian University School of Medicine, Tychy, Poland.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A STUDY ON THE HEMOPOI ETIC ACTIVITY OF HUMAN PLACENTA IN VITRO, IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF STIMULATORS AND INHIBITORS OF TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION
The hemopoietic activity of the human placenta was studied in vitrc under
various conditions in order to assess the optimal conditions of protein synthesis
and colony stimulating factor (CSF) production by this tissue. The hemopoietic
activity of placental tissue was assayed by the semi -solid agar medium technique.
In order to obtain maximum hemopoietic activity, various stimulators were
examined and it was determined that lipopolysaccharide was the most potent
stimulator. Inhibitors of transcription and translation were also examined alone
and in the presence of stimulators. They potently suppressed hemopoietic activity.
Pulse-chase studies with the use of 3H -leucine were used to determine the kinetics
of protein synthesis of placental tissue ill vitro.
http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1650-en.pdf
1996-02-15
319
325
B
GOLIAEI
1
From the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tehran University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
S
EMADI
2
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS IN CHILDREN WITH DIARRHEA SUBMITTED TO HEALTH CENTERS IN THE WEST OF IRAN (HAMEDAN)
There have been a few reports from Iran concerning infection by
Cryptosporidium species, but they have referred particularly to infection in
animals and their handlers. This study of infection in humans was carried out over
a two year period in a large urban area in a cold region of western Iran. 554 stool
specimens were examined with modified Ziehl - N eelson (MZN) staining for
Cryptosporidium spp., along with appropriate methods for other parasites.
The infection rate for Cryptosporidium spp. was 5.4% in children suffering
from diarrhea. In addition, seven patients were found to be co-infected by other
parasites. This study revealed that Cryptosporidium spp. are a relatively common
parasitic cause of diarrhea in this region of Iran.
http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1648-en.pdf
1996-02-15
315
317
Cryptosporidiosis
Children
Hamedan.
M
FALLAH
1
From the Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
A
HAGHIGHI
2
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
EVALUATION OF BCG IMMUNIZATION WITHIN THE FIRST 60 DAYS OF LIFE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy ofthe BCG vaccine in
the fIrst 60 days of life in inducing delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), and to
evaluate the reliability of the Mantoux test in comparison with the BCG test for
detecting DTH.
A study was done in 885 healthy, well nourished infants 5 to 7 months old
from rural areas of the Urumieh province, who received BCG immunization in the
first 60 days of life. The subjects were evaluated in two random groups the fIrst
group underwent the BCG test and for the second group a Mantoux test was
performed (with 5TU).
A total of 84.2% of infants had BCG vaccine scars. Cases who had received
the BCG test had a positive reaction in more than 90% and those who had scars
showed increased positivity. In the second group, 63% had a negative PPD
reaction (0-4 mm induration), 23.8% were weakly positive (i.e., 5-9 mm induration),
and only in 13.2% was a positive reaction (10 mm or more induration) found. So
in spite of successful induction ofDTH by BCG vaccination at birth, the tuberculin
test is not a reliable method for detecting hypersensitivity.
http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1646-en.pdf
1996-02-15
311
314
M.R
SHARIATZADEH
1
From the Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Urumieh University of Medical Sciences, Urumieh, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
MATERNAL HEIGHT AS A CONTRIBUTORY FACTOR TOWARDS BIRTH OF SMALL FOR DATE IN FANTS
A case control study of "small for date" and premature infants was conducted
at 17 hospitals in Tehran between December 1989 and June 1990. The study
population consisted of mothers of 347 small for date, 261 premature and 1164
normal infants.
Mothers who were less than 18 years old and their height less than 155 cm had
a statistically significant RRF. (2.18) for the birth of small for date infants, while
mothers of the same age group but with a height of 155-159 or 160-165 cm had an
RR.F. of 2.61 and 1.41, respectively. It was therefore concluded that an increase
in height did not decrease the R.R.F. for birth of small for date infants in teen-age
mothers.
Mothers older than 18 years, 18-29 and 30-39 years with a height of less than
155 cm had an RR.F. of 1.63 and 1.47, respectively, both being statistically
significant concerning the birth of small for date infants. Whilst in mothers taller
than 155 cm and older than 18 years no-significant risk factor was noted, it was
concluded that a maternal height of less than 155 cm seems to be a contributory
factor to birth of small for date infants. In this study no association was established
between maternal height and prematurity.
Since 57% of LBW infants were small for date, any measures aiming at
decreasing this figure would be beneficial to the individual as well as to the
community. Short-term measures such as marriage at an older age, availability of
contraception to teen-age mothers, and more years of education for girls may help
decrease the proportion of small for date infants
http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1645-en.pdf
1996-02-15
307
310
A
MAJD
1
From the School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
H
EFTEKHAR
2
AUTHOR
F
AZORDEGHAN
3
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF SPINAL CORD MENINGIOMAS: ANALYSIS OF FORTY CASES
A retrospective analysis was performed on forty cases of spinal cord
meningiomas, operated on at Dr. Shariati Hospital from 1976 to 1990. Age and sex
distribution, clinical presentation and tumor location were comparable to those
reported by others. In males the tumors were distributed evenly in cervical and
dorsal areas and were often anterior to the cord. This finding makes a different
surgical approach necessary. For prevention of postoperative CSF leakage and
infection, repair and tight closure of the dura is mandatory. Concerning prognosis,
even in paraplegic patients the chance of complete recovery is good.
http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1644-en.pdf
1996-02-15
301
305
Meningioma
Spinal cord tumor
CSF leakage
Pseudomeningocele
M
MEHRAZIN
1
From the Department of Neurosurgery, Dr. Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
H
RAHMAT
2
AUTHOR
G
ES-HAGHl
3
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
THALLIUM-201 STRESS TEST IN 156 PATIENTS WITH SUSPECTED CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Currently, myocardial TI-201 scintigraphy is most often performed in
conjunction with exercise stress testing in patients with suspected or known CAD.
Stress thallium tests were performed for 156 patients with and without old
myocardial infarctions complaining of chest pain. All of them underwent contrast
coronary angiography. Perfusion defects were mostly manifested as reversible
defects (R). Sensitivity of visual detection was generally 93%. The anteroseptal
wall and septum showed defects more often than the other segments in patients
with LAD stenosis. The inferolateral walls showed the least defects in RCA
involvement. There was a significant difference between mean stenosis of LADs
(90± 10%) and CXs (82±11 %) (P<O.0005), making sensitivity of detection low for
stenosed CX arteries.
http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1643-en.pdf
1996-02-15
295
299
F
NOOHI
1
From the Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Cardiology, Shahid Rajai Cardiovascular Center. Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
S.H
FIROOZABADY
2
AUTHOR
F
RASTGOO
3
AUTHOR
A
MOHEBBI
4
AUTHOR
F
ABBASPOUR
5
AUTHOR
M
DEHGHAN
6
AUTHOR
N
YAGHOOBI
7
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE TREATMENTS (CSAT): BACKGROUNDS, METHODS, AND THE PRELIMINARY RESULTS (INTERIM REPORT)
The "Comparative Study of Antihypertensive Treatments"-CSA T is a
placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trial, with the primary
objective of comparing the efficacy of different pharmacological treatments of
hypertension. Drug side-effects, patient compliance, and alterations in the
patients' quality of life are also compared. Subjects with mild to moderate
diastolic hypertension aged above 30 are randomized into either of 5 groups
receiving methyldopa, atenolol, nifedipine, triamterene-H, or placebo. After a
dose titration phase, the minimum drug dose required to achieve a therapeutic goal
of less than 91 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is determined, and the
patient then enters a maintenance phase of 6 months.
This report presents the preliminary results of drug efficacy in 136 subjects
who have completed the dose titration phase. Age, sex, baseline systolic blood
pressure (SBP) and baseline DBP were all well balanced across placebo and drug
groups: mean age ± SD = 51.9 ± 9.2 years sex distribution: 56.6% males: mean
DBP ± SD = 98.5 ± 5.4 mmHg mean SBP ± SD = 152.1 ± 14.4 mmHg (SD =
standard deviation, SBP and DBP values were measured in the sitting position).
SBP and DBP reduction in the active treatment groups (mean ± SE: 17.8 ± 1.4
mmHg for SBP, 12.4±0.7 mmHg for DBP) were significantly greater than in the
placebo group (mean± SE: 7.9± 1.6 mmHg for SBP, 7.23 ±0.9 mmHg forDBP)
at the end of the dose titration phase (P < 0.00001). There was greater SBP
reduction with atenolo1 23.9 ± 3.2 mmHg) than with either nifedipine (12.5 ± 2.3
mmHg) or triamterene-H (16.2 ± 2.7 mmHg), P<0.05. This difference was not
observed in patients aged above 50, but was significant in the below 50 age group.
Pharmacological treatment was more efficacious in SBP reductionin women than
in men (22 ±2.1 mmHg in women versus 14.0± 1.7 mmHg in men, P<0.01). No
similar difference between the two sexes was detected in the placebo group. This
interim report of the CSAT emphasizes the importance of pharmacological
therapy, and depicts significant differences in the antihypertensive efficacy of
various drug groups. Establishing new research centers and reaching desired
sample sizes are currently being undertaken.
http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1641-en.pdf
1996-02-15
285
293
S.H
AREFI
1
From the Hypertension Clinic of the Cardiovascular Research Cerner, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
E
KASSAIAN
2
AUTHOR
P
MIRHAJI
3
AUTHOR
K
ALI FEIZZADEH
4
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS AND THYMECTOMY: A 10-YEAR STUDY IN SHIRAZ
A retrospective comparative study was performed on 54 patients treated
medically or surgically (thymectomy) for myasthenia gravis (MG) from 1979-
1989 in three Shiraz University Hospitals. Each surgical patient was compared
with a medical patient on the basis of age, sex, severity and duration of disease.
Complete remission was noted in 3 out of 27 thymectomized patients but in none
of the medically treated patients. Improvements occurred in IS of 27 surgical
patientS and 4 out of 27 medically treated patients during 4 years of follow-up.
Patients undergoing thymectomy had a significantly better chance of long
survival. Three patients in the medically treated group had died because of
myasthenia gravis as compared to 1 in the surgically treated group. Concerning
survival in relation to sex, duration of symptoms and age, there was no significant
difference between the two groups. Until more effective treatment becomes
available for myasthenia gravis, thymectomy deserves consideration for all
patients with chronic symptoms.
http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1640-en.pdf
1996-02-15
281
283
H
HODJATI
1
From the Departments of Surgery, Shiraz University a/Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
G
YOUSEFIPOUR
2
From the Department of Neurology, Shiraz University a/Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
INCIDENCE OF CONGENITAL DISLOCATION THE HIP IN SHIRAZ
During an eight month prospective study, 8240 newborns were examined for
detection of congenital dislocation of the hip from Oct. 23, 1991 to June 22, 1992.
On fIrst examination we found 1302 neonates (158/1000 live births) to have
abnormal hips 1063 (81.6%) were prone to subluxation (subluxatable), 218
(16.81 %) prone to dislocation (dislocatable), 17 (1.3%) were dislocated and 4
(0.3%) were teratologic.
The newborns with abnormal hips were followed in a neonatal OPD held for
this purpose. After the sixth month of life 1272 (97.7%) of the neonatally unstable
hips had resolved spontaneously, leaving 30 hips with true congenital dislocation
(3.6/1000 live births).
http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1639-en.pdf
1996-02-15
275
280
F
ABDINEJAD
1
Assistant Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of OrthopedicSurgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz , Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
J
TAKAPOUY
2
Residents of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR
N
ESKANDARI
3
Residents of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHOR