REVIEW_ARTICLE Role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and MMP inhibitors on intracranial aneurysms: a review article  Cerebrovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in the world, and about one-fourth of cerebrovascular deaths are due to ruptured cerebral aneurysms (CA). Hence it is important to find a way to reduce aneurysm formation and its subsequent morbidity and mortality. Proteolytic activity capable of lysing gelatin has been shown to be increased in aneurysm tissue and expression of plasmin, membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase- 1(MT1-MMP), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in aneurysmal wall is more than what we observe in normal cerebral arteries. MMP inhibitors such as doxycycline and statins may prohibit aneurysm formation and growth. MMPs are important in tissue remodeling associated with various physiological and pathological processes such as morphogenesis, angiogenesis, apoptosis and tissue repair. In this article we review the role of MMPs and MMP inhibitors in formation of aneurysm.  http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1963-en.pdf 2015-01-28 249 254 Cerebral aneurysm MMPs MMP inhibitors Doxycycline Statins. Azam Maradni azam.mardani@yahoo.com 1 Brain and spinal injury repair research center (BASIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Alireza Khoshnevisan akhoshnevisan@tums.ac.ir 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Brain and spinal injury repair research center, Tehran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Seyed Hamzeh Mousavi shm135978@yahoo.com 3 Department of Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Seyed Hasan Emamirazavi emami_r@health.gov.ir 4 Department of Surgery, Brainand spinal injury repair research center (BASIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Abbas Noruzijavidan noroozi@tums.ac.ir 5 Brain and spinal injury repair research center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Response-oriented measuring inequalities in Tehran: second round of Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool (Urban HEART-2), concepts and framework  Background: Current evidence consistently confirm inequalities in health status among socioeconomic groups, gender, ethnicity, geographical area and other social determinants of health (SDH), which adversely influence health of the population. SDH refer to a wide range of factors not limited to social component, but also involve economic, cultural, educational, political or environmental problems. Measuring inequalities, improving daily living conditions, and tackling inequitable distribution of resources are highly recommended by international SDH commissioners in recent years to ‘close the gaps within a generation’. To measure inequalities in socio-economic determinants and core health indicators in Tehran, the second round of Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool (Urban HEART-2) was conducted in November 2011, within the main framework of WHO Centre for Health Development (Kobe Centre). Method: For ‘assessment’ part of the project, 65 indicators in six policy domains namely ‘physical and infrastructure’, ‘human and social’, ‘economic’, ‘governance’, ‘health and nutrition’, and also ‘cultural’ domain were targeted either through a population based survey or using routine system. Survey was conducted in a multistage random sampling, disaggregated to 22 districts and 368 neighborhoods of Tehran, where data of almost 35000 households (118000 individuals) were collected. For ‘response’ part of the project, widespread community based development (CBD) projects were organized in all 368 neighborhoods, which are being undertaken throughout 2013. Conclusion: Following the first round of Urban HEART project in 2008, the second round was conducted to track changes over time, to institutionalize inequality assessment within the local government, to build up community participation in ‘assessment’ and ‘response’ parts of the project, and to implement appropriate and evidence-based actions to reduce health inequalities within all neighborhoods of Tehran.  http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1962-en.pdf 2013-10-30 236 248 Health inequality Urban HEART Social determinants of health Community based development. Mohsen Asadi-Lari asadilari@iums.ac.ir 1 Department of Epidemiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad Reza Vaez-Mahdavi vaezmahdavi@shahed.ac.ir 2 Department of Physiology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Soghrat Faghihzadeh faghihz@modares.ac.ir 3 Medical School, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. AUTHOR Bahman Cherghian cheraghian2000@yahoo.com 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Alireza Esteghamati 5 Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Ali Asghar Farshad fdgir@yahoo.com 6 Department of Occupational Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mehdi Golmakani golmakani@yahoo.com 7 Department of Health, Municipality of Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Ali-Asghar Haeri-Mehrizi haeri.stat@gmail.com 8 Health Metrics Research Center, Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Hossein Hesari hessari@mappi.helsinki.fi 9 Department of Oral Public Health, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Naser Kalantari nkalantari1334@gmail.com 10 Department of Community Nutrition, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad Kamali kamali@mkamali.com 11 Rehabilitation Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Ramin Kordi ramin_kordi@tums.ac.ir 12 Sports Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Hossein Malek-Afzali malekafzali@tums.ac.ir 13 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Ali Montazeri montazeri@acecr.ac.ir 14 Mental Health Research Group, Health Metrics Research Center, Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Maziar Moradi-Lakeh mazmoradi@yahoo.com 15 Department of Community Medicine, Medical School, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
CASE_STUDY Multiple lumbar vertebral fractures following a single idiopathic seizure in an otherwise healthy patient a case report  It has been reported that fractures are more common in epileptic patients relative to the general population. Seizures by repeated muscular contractions can increase fracture risk throughout the skeleton, but the reported papers about non traumatic vertebral fractures following a single episode of seizure are rare and mostly located in thoracic spine with only one or two vertebral fracture. The case we reported here was a 42 year old otherwise healthy man who had three vertebral fractures due to a single idiopathic seizure affected the lumbar region with no previous history of underlying disease, trauma, or drug use.  http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1961-en.pdf 2015-01-28 233 235 Seizure Vertebral fracture Non-traumatic fracture. Ebrahim Ghayem Hasankhani 1 Orthopedic Research Center, Orthopedic department, Imam Reza Hospital, MashhadUniversity of Medical science, Mashhad, Iran. AUTHOR Farzad Omidi-Kashani omidif@mums.ac.ir 2 Orthopedic Research Center, Orthopedic department, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical science, Mashhad, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Harlequin ichthyosis in a neonate born with assisted reproductive technology: a case report  Harlequin ichthyosis is a rare and the most severe form of congenital ichthyosis. Although prenatal diagnosis is difficult for this disorder, recently, this obstacle has markedly improved with the use of DNA-based prenatal diagnosis. Here in, we presented a neonate with harlequin ichthyosis born by assisted reproductive technology (ART). In this case, the diagnosis of harlequin ichthyosis was not established by conventional prenatal screening.  http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1960-en.pdf 2015-01-28 229 232 Harlequin ichthyosis Harlequin fetus Assisted reproductive technology Prenatal diagnosis In vitro fertilization. Roya Farhadi dr.royafarhadi@gmail.com 1 Pediatric department of Booali-Sina Hospital, MazandaranUniversity of Medical science, Sari, Iran. AUTHOR Seyyed Habib Kazemi dr.ss.kazemi@gmail.com 2 Mazandaran University of Medical science, Sari, Iran AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Review of the training program of pediatric residents: is it appropriate for their future careers?  Background: Training of pediatric residents is a dynamic process which should be changed as the nature and epidemiology of pediatric diseases change. In this study, we compared the training program of the pediatric residents with the disorders of the pediatric patients who had referred to pediatric offices. Methods: The study was conducted in pediatric offices in Shiraz, South of Iran. The main complaints of all the patients who were referred to these offices in the first 3 days of the four seasons of the year were recorded. Finally, descriptive statistics was used to determine the frequency of different complaints among these patients. Results: There are 58 Pediatrics offices in Shiraz and 37 offices completed the questioners (64%). The most frequent complaints of the patients were related to infections, especially respiratory and gastrointestinal ones. Nutritional and growth problems were other frequent complaints. Nonetheless, a high number of the patients were referred due to skin, eye, or ear problems or for check up of the baby. Conclusion: There is an important training–practice problem in the curriculum of pediatric residents. Thus, we suggest decreasing the periods of inpatient subspecialty training and increasing the period of outpatient dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, and well-baby clinics.  http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1959-en.pdf 2015-01-28 225 228 Training pediatric residents complaints. Hossein Moravej drmoravej@yahoo.com 1 Department of Pediatrics, Nemazee Teaching Hospital, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. AUTHOR Seyed Mohsen Dehghani 2 Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Nemazee Teaching Hospital, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Marjolin\'s ulcer: clinical and pathologic features of 83 cases and review of literature  Background: Marjolin's ulcer is a rare, aggressive condition that arises on chronic skin lesions and diseases. In this article, we will report 83 cases of this disease. Methods: Retrospectively, we retrieved 83 records of patients with cancer arising from chronic skin conditions. Data concerning demography, type of original skin insult, time interval between original lesion and cancer, cancer histology, and lymph node involvement were recorded. Results: The mean age was 55.30 years (range: 21-90). There were 51 males (61.5%) and 32 females (38.5%). Foot was the most prevalent site of primary skin lesion (49.4%) followed by scalp (15.6%). Original skin insults were burn (87.9%), osteomyelitis (2.4%), radiation (2.4%), electrical burn (1.2%), surgical scar (2.4%), pemphigus (1.2%), bite (1.2%), and bed sore (1.2%). Histologic diagnosis were well differentiated SCC (38.6%), SCC, differentiation not reported (24.1%), moderately differentiated SCC (13.2%), BCC (9.6%), poorly differentiated SCC (6.0%), melanoma (2.4%), verrucous carcinoma (2.4%), MFH (1.2%), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (1.2%), and leiomyosarcoma (1.2%). Most of the cases occurred more than 20 years after the initial skin insult. There were 6 (7.2%) cases that developed within 1 year (acute Marjolin's Ulcer). Forty three patients (69.3%) had palpable regional lymph nodes. Conclusion: Data in this series were in confirmation with many other reports. Marjoln's ulcer should be considered as a significant post-skin injury complication.  http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1958-en.pdf 2013-10-30 215 224 Marjolin\'s ulcer Burn Chronic skin disease. Mohammad Sadegh Fazeli mhfazeli@sina.tums.ac.ir 1 Department of Surgery, Imam medical complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Amir Hosein Lebaschi ah_lebaschi@razi.tums.ac.ir 2 Department of Surgery, Imam medical complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Morvarid Hajirostam morehaj@yahoo.com 3 Department of Surgery, Imam medical complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad Reza Keramati dr_morezak@yahoo.com 4 Department of Surgery, Imam medical complex, Tehran University of MedicalSciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Treatment of segmental vitiligo with normal-hair follicle autograft  Background: Segmental vitiligo is a small subset albeit persistent form of focal vitiligo with dermatomal distribution and resistant to medical therapy. In recent years, surgical therapy as hair follicle autograft transplantation has been a hot topic in management of segmental vitiligo. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of this method in segmental vitiligo lesions. Methods: The study recruited 10 patients who suffered from resistant segmental vitiligo to evaluate the effect of transplantation of pigmented hair follicles on re-pigmentation of the affected area. In this method, one or two punched-biopsy skin sample with a diameter of 5mm were harvested from occipital area of the scalps. Grafts were trimmed and divided into the follicular segments with at least one follicle in the interior and then inserted in the depigmented areas. Follow-up plan studies were scheduled to evaluate presence of pigmentation in the perifollicular areas. Results: After 2 weeks, re-pigmentation was detectable surrounding the grafted hair follicles in 60 % of the cases. After 6 months, all of the patients had detectable re-pigmented area of about 2-9 mm. Conclusion: giving the surprising result of the study, hair follicle autograft transplant is an effective treatment option in the persistent segmental vitiligo.  http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1957-en.pdf 2015-01-28 210 214 Vitiligo Surgical therapy Hair follicle Autologous transplantation. MirHadi Aziz Jalali researchdermatology@yahoo.com 1 Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, and Dermatology Department, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Babak Jafari babakjafari@tums.ac.ir 2 Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, and Dermatology Department, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mansour Isfahani isfahanim@ tums.ac.ir 3 Medical school, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad Ali Nilforoushzadeh mohammadalinilforoushzadeh@yahoo.com 4 Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University ofMedical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE The association between dietary antioxidant intake and semen quality in infertile men  Background: Oxidative stress is detrimental to semen quality and has a significant role in the etiology of male subfertility. Methods: Dietary intake of antioxidants were compared between thirty two men with oligolastheno/ teratazoospermic (cases) and 32 normospermic volunteers (controls) attending fertility clinic in Mirza Koochak-khan Hospital in Tehran, Iran. All participants were nonsmokers and matched according their age and Body Mass Index (BMI). Nutrient consumption was calculated using a semi- quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Semen samples were collected and were assessed by measuring volume, concentration, motility and morphology. Results: infertile subjects had a significantly lower intake of zinc and folate compare to control ones (p<0.001). Dietary intake of vitamin C and E was lower than recommended values in 59.4% of case group that was significantly different from control ones (p<0.05). In control group, 36.4 and 40.9% of participants had insufficient dietary intake of vitamin C and E, respectively. Significant correlations were found between folate (r=0.5, p<0.001), zinc (r=0.6, p<0.001) and percentage of motility and also between vitamin E and morphology (r=0.3, p=0.03), zinc and concentration (r=0.4, p=0.004) in all participants.  Conclusion: In summary, a low intake of folate, zinc, and vitamin E were related to poor sperm concentration and motility.  http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1956-en.pdf 2015-01-28 204 209 Dietary antioxidant Male infertility Oligasthenoteratozoospermia. Azadeh Nadjarzadeh azadnajarzadeh@ssu.ac.ir 1 Nutritionist, Department of Nutrition, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. AUTHOR Abdolrasoul Mehrsai mehrsai@yahoo.com 2 Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Ebrahim Mostafavi Eb_mostafavi@yahoo.com 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mahmood Reza Gohari mgohari@iums.ac.ir 4 Department of Statistics & Mathematics, Hospital Management Research Center, IranUniversity of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Farzad Shidfar farzadshidfar@yahoo.com 5 Department of Nutrition, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Effects of ageing on speed and temporal resolution of speech stimuli in older adults  Background: According to previous studies, most of the speech recognition disorders in older adults are the results of deficits in audibility and auditory temporal resolution. In this paper, the effect of ageing on timecompressed speech and auditory temporal resolution by word recognition in continuous and interrupted noise was studied. Methods: A time-compressed speech test (TCST) was conducted on 30 young and 32 older adults with normal hearing thresholds. Lists of monosyllabic words were used at three time compression ratios. Auditory temporal resolution was determined by measuring the monosyllabic word recognition score (WRS), in the presence of continuous and interrupted noise, at three signal-to-noise ratios (S/Ns). Results: There was a significant difference in TCST scores at the three compression ratios within and between young and older adult groups (p< 0.001). Similar results were obtained in WRSs at the three S/Ns in the presence of interrupted and continuous noise (p< 0.001), and in the degree of auditory temporal resolution (p=0.007). A significant correlation was found between the level of test difficulty of TCST with WRSs in both young (r = 0.549, P=0.002) and older adults (r= 0.531, P=0.003). Conclusion: Our results showed that ageing remarkably affects the processing of fast speech stimuli and temporal resolving ability. These results are more supportive of the effect of ageing on speech perception than on loss of hearing.  http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1955-en.pdf 2015-01-28 195 203 Ageing Time-compressed speech Word recognition score Auditory temporal resolution Interrupted noise Continuous noise. Zahra Jafari jafari.@iums.ac.ir 1 Rehabilitation Research Center (RRC), Department of Basic Sciencesin Rehabilitation, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Shaghayegh Omidvar shomidvar.audio@gmail.com 2 Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Audiology, School ofRehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Fateme Jafarloo fateme.jafarloo@yahoo.com 3 Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Audiology, School ofRehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Sellar reconstruction algorithm in endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery: experience with 240 cases  Background: Proposing a strategy for sellar reconstruction in endoscopic transsphenoidal transsellar approach for pituitary adenoma. Methods: 240 patients with pituitary adenoma underwent pure endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery. Intra-operative CSF leaks were classified as grade 0, no observable leak grade 1, CSF dripping through an arachnoid membrane defect of less than 1 mm and grade 2, CSF flowing through an arachnoid defect of more than 1 mm. Sellar reconstruction was performed according to our staging system in stage I, the defect was covered with oxidized cellulose and sphenoid sinus filled up with Gelfoam. In stage II, a layer of fat was applied on the defect and fascia lata placed epidurally. In stage III, one or two layers of fascia were used with adding surgical glue and/or lumbar drainage. Mucosa of sphenoid sinuses was kept intact as much as possible and approximated at the end of procedure. Result: intra-operative CSF leaks grade 0, 1 and 2 resulted in 133(55.4%), 78 (32.5%) and 29(12.1%) patients, respectively. Stage I of reconstruction was used in 126 patients (52.5%) with no intra-operative CSF leak or sever prolapse of arachnoid membrane. Stage II was performed in 80 patients (33.3%) with either leak grade 1 (73 patients) or grade 0 with severe prolapse of the suprasellar components induced in the sella (2 cases) or in whom extra-pseudocapsular dissection performed (5 cases). Stage III was performed in 34 cases (14.2%) with either CSF leak grade 2 (29 patients) or grade 1 with simultaneous severe destruction or removal of sellar floor laterally, superiorly or inferiorly (5 patients) which made it impossible to place the fascia underlay to the bone. A minimum of 18 months follow-up showed development of 2 CSF leaks (0.8%), one pneumocephalus (0.4%) and 2 meningitis (0.8%) cases. Conclusion: Given the low postoperative CSF leak rate, we demonstrated that our adopted sellar reconstruction strategy focusing mostly on the adopted intra-operative CSF leak grading system is safe and useful for overcoming devastating complications like postoperative CSF leaks.  http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1954-en.pdf 2015-01-28 186 194 Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery reconstruction cerebrospinal fluid leak. Maryam Jalessi jalessimd@gmail.com 1 Endoscopic Pituitary and Skull Base Surgery Unit, ENT-Head and Neck Surgery ResearchCenter and Department, Rasool Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Guive Sharifi gsharifimd@gmail.com 2 Endoscopic Pituitary and Skull Base Surgery Unit, ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Research Center and Department, Rasool Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, and Neurosurgery Department, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad Rasool Mirfallah Layalestani mirfallahi@gmail.com 3 School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Ebrahim Amintehran amintehran@ent-hns.org 4 ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Research Center and Department, Rasool Akram Hospital,Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Parin Yazdanifard parinyazdanifard@yahoo.com 5 Endoscopic Pituitary and Skull Base Surgery Unit, ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Research Center and Department, Rasool AkramHospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Omidvar Rezaee Mirghaed 6 Neurosurgery Department, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad Farhadi Farhadi@ent-hns.org 7 Endoscopic Pituitary and Skull Base Surgery Unit, ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Research Centerand Department, Rasool Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Trend of diseases among Iranian pilgrims during five consecutive years based on a Syndromic Surveillance System in Hajj  Background: Every year more than 2 million people depart from Iran to Saudi Arabia for Hajj ritual which can be faced with some different diseases. There are not much information about frequencies and trend of diseases in Hajj. The main objective of this study was to determine the trend of prevalent diseases during five consecutive Hajj rituals among Iranian pilgrims. Methods: We established a specific surveillance system for all Iranian pilgrims who had participated in Hajj from 2004 to 2008. We monitored the pilgrims’ health status before departure, through their journey. The understudied diseases were 19 selected types of diseases in the Hajj. The occurrences of diseases were recorded on a researchers-made questionnaire. We used chi-square test for analysis with the alpha lower than 5% to reject the null hypothesis. Results: During 5 consecutive periods, a total of 254,823 of Iranian pilgrims were monitored for more common diseases with this system. The most prevalent diseases were as follows: at least one type of respiratory involvement (71.26%), common cold like syndrome (47.15%), and musculoskeletal disorders (18.67%), The frequency of respiratory involvement was lower in 2006 than other years (p <0.001).There were statistically significant differences between the numbers of hospitalization and patients who were referred back to Iran with the year of Hajj (p <0.001). Conclusion: Health managers should be informed about trend and frequency of more prevalent diseases in Hajj. Easy access to health information via such surveillance system can be possible.  http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1952-en.pdf 2015-01-28 179 185 Disease prevalence respiratory disorders Iran Saudi Arabia Seyed Mansour Razavi razavy@sina.tums.ac.ir 1 Department of Community Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Ahmad Sabouri-Kashani Sabourika@yahoo.com 2 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Hossein Ziaee-Ardakani drhziai@gmail.com 3 Department of Ophthalmology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Aminreza Tabatabaei aminrezataba@yahoo.com 4 Hajj Medical Center, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mojgan Karbakhsh mkarbakh@tums.ac.ir 5 Department of Community Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Hamidreza Sadeghipour sadeghipour@sina.tums.ac.ir 6 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Seyed Abdolreza Mortazavi-Tabatabaei rtaba@yahoo.com 7 Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Payman Salamati psalamati@sina.tums.ac.ir 8 Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Trend of smoking among students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences: results from four consecutive surveys from 2006 to 2009  Background: Smoking within students community of the medical sciences can negatively impact the attitudes of the society in future. The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence and trends of smoking among students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Method: This study was conducted in four consecutive years from 2006 to 2009. The study sample was taken from the first- to fourth-year, undergraduate and graduate (doctorate) students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Census was applied for sampling. Structured questionnaires were distributed to students of each class. The study was anonymous and self-administered. Results: From 2006 to 2009, a total of 1568 to 1761 students participated in the study each year. Over the study period, i.e. 2006-2009, the prevalence of cigarette smoking was decreased (the overall prevalence was 12.5% in 2006, 12.9% in 2007, 10.8% in 2008, and 10.5% in 2009). The corresponding values for the one month prevalence were 8.2%, 7.8%, 6.1%, and 5.8%, while those for the prevalence of daily smoking were 3.4%, 4.0%, 2.9%, and 1.8%, respectively. The decreasing trend was particularly more significant for female students. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the prevalence of smoking among students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences was in the lower end of the spectrum, in comparison to other universities in Iran and other countries. Additionally, similar to the pattern observed in the developed world, this trend was decreasing, particularly among girls. Implementing preventive measures for accelerating the decreasing trend, as well as continuous monitoring is recommended. http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1937-en.pdf 2013-10-29 168 178 Tobacco Prevalence Epidemiology Medical Students Iran. Masoumeh Amin-Esmaeili m.aminesmaeeli@farabi.tums.ac.ir 1 Department for Mental Health and Substance Use, Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar rahimia@tums.ac.ir 2 Department for Mental Health and Substance Use,Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University ofMedical Sciences,Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Masud Yunesian yunesian@tums.ac.ir 3 Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research and School ofPublic Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Elaheh Sahimi-Izadian elahehsizadian@yahoo.com 4 Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA) Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mahdieh Moinolghorabaei moin.drm@yahoo.co.uk 5 Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE New method for fixation point of tibialis posterior tendon transfer  Background: The transfer of the tibialis posterior tendon to the dorsum of foot can restore the function of the paralyzed dorsiflexor muscles of the foot and ankle. In order to reduce the wound complication in the insertion site of tendon to bone by a plantar knop we used a new method of fixation by an absorbable screw inserted dorsally. Methods: we performed this operation on 15 patients in a 3 years period. All patients had drop foot deformity due to irreversible lesions of the peroneal nerve. The inclusion criteria was the peroneal nerve palsy that was not improved after 18 months even by using nerve releasing or nerve repairing. All patients were evaluated after 6 months for ankle function and wound complications. Result: Of 15 patients one was excluded from study. At 6 month ten patients got excellent score (66%) and 4 good score (26%) further ankle function. There was no wound complication at insertion site. Conclusion: This simple modification for insertion site fixation had good result in restoring ankle function whiles eliminated the possibility of plantar pressure sores caused by fixation knop. http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1935-en.pdf 2013-10-29 163 167 Foot drop deformity Tibialis posterior tendon Peroneal nerve palsy. Ali Yeganeh dryeganeali@yahoo.com 1 Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Arash Motaghi drarash54@yahoo.com 2 Hamedan University of Medical Sciences,Hamedan, Iran. AUTHOR Gholamreza Shahhoseini gholamreza.sh@yahoo.com 3 Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Hosein Farahini hoseini.f@yahoo.com 4 Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR