en Medical Education Medical Education Original Research Original Research <span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-style:italic"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal">Background: </span></span></b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal">Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is essential for making clinical decisions regarding cardiovascular disorders. Cardiology trainees frequently conduct and interpret TTE examinations; however, discrepancies between their interpretations and those of attending cardiologists can impact patient management. The objective of this study was to assess the concordance between cardiology trainees and attending cardiologists in the interpretation of TTE findings.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal">&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>Methods:</b> This study included 374 inpatients and outpatients referred to for TTE examinations. TTE studies were independently performed by second- and third-year cardiology residents, followed by reassessment by fellowship-trained attending cardiologists. The agreement of categorical variables was analyzed using Cohen&rsquo;s kappa coefficient, while the agreement of quantitative parameters was determined by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal">&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>Results:</b> There was good to excellent agreement between residents and attending evaluators for most parameters, including Pericardial Effusion (PE) (&kappa; = 0.929), Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) (&kappa; = 0.919), and Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) (&kappa; = 0.908). Moderate agreement was observed for Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) (&kappa; = 0.496) and Bicuspid Aortic Valve (&kappa; = 0.565). Quantitative measures demonstrated excellent reliability for Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) (ICC = 0.949), Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAP) (ICC = 0.981), Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE) (ICC = 0.984), and Tricuspid Regurgitation Gradient (TRG) (ICC = 0.975). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal">&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>Conclusion: </b>Majority of the echocardiographic indices were interpreted reliably by the cardiologists-in-training. However, lower levels of agreement in the interpretation of ASD and aortic valve morphology indicate that additional training on structurally complex cardiac conditions is necessary to enhance the reliability of interpretations.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; Transthoracic Echocardiography, Echocardiography Training, Cardiology Residents, Interobserver Agreement, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, Cohen’s Kappa 645 661 http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-9079-2&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Soroush Mostafavi so.mostafavi@gmail.com 200319475328460098896 200319475328460098896 No Department of Cardiology, Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Leila Nojoomizadeh l.nojoomizadeh@gmail.com 200319475328460098897 200319475328460098897 No Department of Cardiology, Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamzeh Habibi hamzehhabibi8@gmail.com 200319475328460098898 0009-0003-6858-8090 No Department of Cardiology, Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Arefeh Samanifard saman52329@gmail.com 200319475328460098899 200319475328460098899 No Department of Cardiology, Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Aynaz Panahi panahiaynaz2003@gmail.com 200319475328460098900 0009-0007-3436-010X No Department of Cardiology, Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sara Bakhtiari sara397922@gmail.com 200319475328460098901 0009-0006-2905-0273 No Department of Cardiology, Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abdolfattah Mohtashami abdolfattah.mohtashami@gmail.com 200319475328460098902 0009-0008-0016-9144 No Department of Cardiology, Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyede Saba Mostafavi Montazeri sabamst26@gmail.com 200319475328460098903 200319475328460098903 No Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran Seyedeh Sarvin Mostafavi Montazeri Sarv.mostafavi2021@gmail.com 200319475328460098904 0009-0002-6395-0380 No Department of Clinical Science, Islamic Azad University, Sarab Branch, Sarab, Iran Pegah Joghataie pegijo57@gmail.com 200319475328460098905 200319475328460098905 No Department of Cardiology, Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahboubeh Pazoki pazoki.m@IUMS.ac.ir 200319475328460098906 200319475328460098906 Yes Department of Cardiology, Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran