en Epidemiology Epidemiology Original Research Original Research <p> <strong> Background: </strong>Smoking has physical, psychological, and social impacts on women’s health and subsequently the community’s health. Therefore, it is important to have an estimation of smoking among Iranian women. </p><p>  Since comprehensive data are not available in this respect, the authors performed a systematic review and metaanalyzed all high-quality studies in this field. </p><p> <strong> Methods: </strong>All available electronic papers were searched by certain keywords and were included in this study according to the inclusion criteria regardless of the publication year. Furthermore, non-electronic resources including the final report of research projects, dissertations, unpublished papers (grey literature) and books published by the Iranian ministry of health were also evaluated in the study. The materials were assessed for their quality and meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Considering the high degree of variability in many selected </p><p>  studies, we used random effect method for meta-analysis. </p><p> <strong> Results: </strong>The highest and lowest rates of cigarette smoking among women were 10.5% and 0.04%, respectively. The prevalence rates of smoking were different in various subgroups ranging from 0 to 0.4% in students, 1.1 to 3.1% in adults, and 1.4 to 8.7% in all subgroups. According to the meta-analyses performed for the subgroups, the mean age of participants, performing the study in urban or rural areas, and the year of paper publication were major sources of heterogeneity. </p><p> <strong> Conclusion: </strong>The studies were highly different with regard to their findings, and it seems that there is an age and time trend for the findings. Furthermore, the prevalence of smoking was different in various regions of the country. </p> Smoking, Cigarette smoking, Prevalence, Meta-analysis, Women. 132 140 http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-585&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Leyla Halimi lhhalimi20@yahoo.com 20031947532846008325 20031947532846008325 Yes Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Ali Akbar Haghdoost ahaghdoost@kmu.ac.ir 20031947532846008326 20031947532846008326 No Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman,University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Sekineh Mohammad Alizadeh smohammadalizadeh@yahoo.com 20031947532846008327 20031947532846008327 No Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.