en Urology and Nephrology Urology and Nephrology Original Research Original Research <p> <strong>Abstract </strong></p><p> <strong>Background:</strong> Despite the long-standing association of macrophage migration inhibitory </p><p> factor (MIF) with delayed-type hypersensitivity response, the potential role </p><p> of MIF in chronic allograft nephropathy is unknown. The association between upregulation of MIF expression, macrophage and T cell infiltration and the severity of </p><p> chronic allograft nephropathy suggests that MIF may be an important mediator in the </p><p> process of chronic allograft nephropathy. Therefore, the aims of this study were to </p><p> measure urine concentration of MIF after renal transplantation, and to determine if it </p><p> increases with time. </p><p> <strong>Methods:</strong> In this prospective cross-sectional study twenty-two pediatric patients </p><p>  (case, group A) who received kidney transplants between 1999 and 2006, and forty </p><p> healthy children (control, group B) were recruited. Urine MIF and creatinine were </p><p> assessed in all patients. Urine MIF concentrations were quantitated by ELISA. </p><p> <strong>Results:</strong> The mean ratios of urine MIF/Creatinine (Cr) were calculated as </p><p>  5.046(SEM=2.04) pg/μmol creatinine in transplanted-kidney patients (group A) and </p><p>  1.85(SEM=0.35) pg/μmol creatinine in healthy individuals (group B). Agood significant </p><p> correlation was seen between urine MIF/Cr ratio and time after kidney transplantation </p><p> in recipients (P=0.002, rSpearman = +0.633). </p><p> <strong>Conclusion:</strong> This study shows significant correlation between urine MIF/Cr ratio </p><p> and time passed after transplantation. Increasing MIF/Cr ratios were seen in patients </p><p> with a longer post transplantation period. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the </p><p> role of macrophages in chronic renal nephropathy especially chronic rejection with </p><p> additive studies and then study the effect of anti-MIF antibodies in the treatment of </p><p> this condition.</p><p>  </p> Chronic allograft nephropathy, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), creatinine, transplantation 55 62 http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-43&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Hasan Otukesh 20031947532846001580 20031947532846001580 No Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Labbafi Nejad Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad sm_fereshtehnejad@yahoo.com. 20031947532846001581 20031947532846001581 Yes Medical Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran ,Rozita Hoseini 20031947532846001582 20031947532846001582 No Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Labbafi Nejad Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Majid Chalian 20031947532846001583 20031947532846001583 No Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran. Arash Bedayat 20031947532846001584 20031947532846001584 No Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran. Reza Salman Yazdi, 20031947532846001585 20031947532846001585 No Rooyan Institiute, Tehran, Iran. Amir Ebrahim Safarzadeh 20031947532846001586 20031947532846001586 No Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran. Saeed Sabaghi 20031947532846001587 20031947532846001587 No Rooyan Institiute, Tehran, Iran. Saeed Mahdavi 20031947532846001588 20031947532846001588 No Rooyan Institiute, Tehran, Iran.