en Oncology Oncology Original Research Original Research <strong>Background: </strong>Prostate cancer is a complex condition in which both genetic and environmental factors concomitantly contribute to the tumor initiation and progression. Recently, HOXB13 has been proposed as a susceptibility gene for prostate cancer.<br> <strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; Objective:</strong> The present study was conducted to determine the existence of potential variations in HOXB13 gene in Iranian men with prostate cancer (PCa) compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) cases.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>Methods:</strong> HOXB13 genetic status was screened in 51 samples, including 21 blood and tissue of PCa cases, and compared to 30 cases affected by BPH using PCR/sequencing. Then, the existence of potential association was investigated between genomic DNA alterations in blood and tissue PCa specimens.<br> <strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; Results:</strong> Analysis of BPH tissues showed single nucleotide variations c.366C > T (rs) or c.513T > C (rs9900627) in exon 1, but not in exon 2. Evaluation of PCa tissues revealed 2 cases with both synonymous c.366C > T and c.513T > C variants and 2 cases with the synonymous c.366C > T variant in exon 1. The variants c.366C > T and c.513T > C, simultaneously or separately, were found in blood samples of PCa patients. The novel variant c.127A > G in exon 2 was detected in 1 PCa blood sample. Our analysis indicated a significant reciprocal correlation between HOXB13 mutation in the tissue and blood samples of PCa cases (p= 0.02).<br> &nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The variants in exon 2 of HOXB13 may influence the risk of prostate cancer. Also, evaluation of HOXB13 mutation may be considered as a novel marker for screening PCa. Further investigations are warranted to evaluate the clinical significance of HOXB13 in Iranian population. Prostate cancer, HOXB13, Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Variant, Iran 561 565 http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2343-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Raheleh Roudi Raheleroudi@gmail.com 200319475328460041746 200319475328460041746 Yes Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hosein Nemati iranigen@gmail.com 200319475328460041747 200319475328460041747 No Department of Genetics, Subdiscipline of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Mahsa Moghadam Rastegar mmoghadam76@yahoo.com 200319475328460041748 200319475328460041748 No Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Sotoudeh Mehdi_sotoudeh@yahoo.com 200319475328460041749 200319475328460041749 No Urology and Nephrology Research Center & Department of Urology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Behzad Narouie b_narouie@yahoo.com 200319475328460041750 200319475328460041750 No Department of Urology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Azadeh Shojaei a_shojaei2007@yahoo.com 200319475328460041751 200319475328460041751 No Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran