en Neonatal Neonatal Review Article Review Article <strong>Background: </strong>Reducing neonatal mortality is an important measure to reduce the overall under-five-years&rsquo; mortality. Identifying the risk factors is the first step in this regard. This study performed with the aim of determining the risk factors of the neonatal mortality in Iran.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>Methods:</strong> Databases of SID, MagIran, IranMedex, IronDoc and Google Scholar for the Persian resources and Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, Ovid, EMBASE, ISI web of science and Cochrane for English resources were searched up to January 2017. The inclusion criteria were the studies analyzing at least one risk factor for neonatal mortality in Iran with a control group and multivariate regression analysis. Eight papers met the inclusion criteria. The risk factors were extracted and tabulated.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>Results:</strong> Of the 1713 records retrieved, 8 were eligible to include in the analysis. Preterm birth, low birth weight, smoking and addiction, and anomaly were the important risk factors of neonatal mortality in Iran. Moreover, an extended list of potential risk factors identified on most of which the evidence was controversial and insufficient. The factors categorized into modifiable and identifiable ones.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>Conclusion: </strong>On the modifiable risk factors, proper intervention, and on the non-modifiable ones, early detection and special care may be helpful in preventing the babies from death. Population-based studies with large sample size and multivariate analysis are needed to make clear the effect size of the identified risk factors. New born, Mortality, Risk factor, Iran 528 534 http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-4002-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Amin Daemi amin_daemi@yahoo.com 200319475328460062477 200319475328460062477 No Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamid Ravaghi ravaghi.h@iums.ac.ir 200319475328460062478 200319475328460062478 Yes Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Jafari mejafaris@gmail.com 200319475328460062479 200319475328460062479 No Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences & Health Managers Development Institute, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran