en Physiology Physiology Review Article Review Article <span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-style:italic"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal">Background: </span></span></b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal">Neurostimulation is one of the new therapeutic approaches in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, and despite its high efficiency, its mechanism of action is still unclear. On the one hand, electrical stimulation in the human brain is immoral; on the other hand, the creation of the epilepsy model in laboratory animals affects the entire brain network. As a result, one of the ways to achieve the neurostimulation mechanism is to use epileptiform activity models In vitro. In vitro models, by accessing the local network from the whole brain, we can understand the mechanisms of action of neurostimulation. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal">&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>Methods: </b>A literature search using scientific databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, using &quot;Neurostimulation&quot; and &quot;epileptiform activity&quot; combined with &quot;high-frequency stimulation&quot;, &quot; low-frequency stimulation &quot;, and &quot;brain slices&rdquo; as keywords were conducted, related concepts to the topic gathered and are used in this paper.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal">&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>Results:</b> Electrical stimulation causes neuronal depolarization and the release of GABAA, which inhibits neuronal firing. Also, electrical stimulation inhibits the nervous tissue downstream of the stimulation site by preventing the passage of nervous activity from the upstream to the downstream of the axon.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal">&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>Conclusion:</b> Neurostimulation techniques consisting of LFS and HFS have a potential role in treating epileptiform activity, with some studies having positive results. Further investigations with larger sample sizes and standardized outcome measures can be conducted to validate the results of previous studies.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; High-frequency stimulation, Low-frequency stimulation, Epileptiform activity, Brain Slice 324 331 http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-7893-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Marzieh Khodadadi marziye.khodadadi@gmail.com 200319475328460076852 200319475328460076852 No Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Meysam Zare meysamzare256@gmail.com 200319475328460076853 200319475328460076853 No Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Zahra Ghasemi ghasemi.z1985@gmail.com 200319475328460076854 200319475328460076854 No Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Canada Fariba Karimzadeh fariba_karimzade@yahoo.com 200319475328460076855 200319475328460076855 No Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fereshteh Golab fgolab520@gmail.com 200319475328460076856 200319475328460076856 No Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Naser Amini amini_ot@yahoo.com 200319475328460076857 200319475328460076857 No Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Soraya Mehrabi soraya.mehrabi@gmail.com 200319475328460076858 200319475328460076858 No Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Taghi Joghataei joghataei.mt@iums.ac.ir 200319475328460076859 200319475328460076859 Yes Cellular and Molecular Research Center, & Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nooshin Ahmadirad ahmadirad.n@iums.ac.ir 200319475328460076860 200319475328460076860 No Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran