en Nephrology Nephrology Original Research Original Research <span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-style:italic"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal">Background: </span></span></b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal">Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are extremely prevalent bacterial infections among children. They have numerous potential causes. Without proper diagnosis and treatment, UTIs can lead to serious complications in children, including impaired growth, high blood pressure, protein in urine, and eventual chronic kidney disease. Zinc and vitamin D in sufficient concentrations help to maintain the health of the immune system. Therefore, their deficiency can cause various infections. Several factors can contribute to the development of UTIs. This article deals with the role of zinc and vitamin D as immune markers in UTI in children without other risk factors.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal">&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>Methods:</b> In this case-control study, serum zinc and vitamin D levels without any other risk factors were examined in 40 healthy children and 40 children with UTIs. Data analysis was done through SPSS 26 using the chi-square, the Fisher&rsquo;s exact, and </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:9.0pt">&lrm;</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal"> independent t tests.</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:9.0pt">&lrm;</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal">&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>Results:</b> The study findings demonstrated a statistically significant distinction between the 2 groups regarding serum vitamin D and zinc levels (</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt">P</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal"> < 0.001); 80% of children with UTIs and 17.5% in the healthy group had </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:9.0pt">&lrm;</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal">vitamin D deficiency. Also, 60% of the urinary </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:9.0pt">&lrm;</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal">infection group had zinc deficiency, whereas 17.5% of the healthy group had it.</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:9.0pt">&lrm;</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal">&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>Conclusion: </b>Low serum zinc and vitamin D levels may increase susceptibility to pediatric UTI. </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:9.0pt">&lrm;</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal"> Given the data, supplementation with zinc and vitamin D could play a significant role in treating active infections and preventing recurrence in susceptible children.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:13pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-style:normal"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; Zinc, Vitamin D, Children, Pediatric, Urinary Tract Infection 240 243 http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-5003-5&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Mohsen Seifollahi Mohsenseyfollahy@yahoo.com 200319475328460088918 0009-0001-5592-0838 No Department of Pediatrics, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Marzieh Heidarzadeh Arani marz_heidar@yahoo.com 200319475328460088919 200319475328460088919 No Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Rozita Hoseini Shamsabadi rozitahoseini@yahoo.com 200319475328460088920 200319475328460088920 No Pediatric Nephrology Department, Aliasghar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shahrbanoo Nakhaie snakhaei@yahoo.com 200319475328460088921 200319475328460088921 No Pediatric Gastrointestinal Department, Aliasghar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maesoumeh Karimi Aghche drkarimi.aghm96@gmail.com 200319475328460088922 0009-0003-3581-424X No Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Mohammad Javad Azadchehr Azadbiostate@gmail.com 200319475328460088923 200319475328460088923 No Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Amin Sadat Sharif Sharif.a@iums.ac.ir 200319475328460088924 200319475328460088924 Yes Pediatric Nephrology Department, Hasheminejad Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran