Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic Of Iran

en A Study of the Effectiveness of Apoptosis Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer in Kazakhstan: A Review of Systematic Evidence Oncology Oncology Systematic Review Background: Gastric cancer in Kazakhstan shows low survival rates due to late diagnosis. This study aimed to explore apoptosis biomarkers to improve early detection and diagnostic accuracy. By investigating biomarkers like p53, RAS, miRNAs, and inflammation markers, the study sought to identify potential indicators for better prognosis and survival outcomes.    Methods: This systematic review was conducted using the keywords “apoptosis biomarkers” OR “gastric cancer” AND “Kazakhstan” OR “Kazakhstani” in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, yielding 2,025 records. After filtering, 24 studies were selected for analysis. Quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and data were extracted and synthesized for critical findings.    Results: This systematic review on apoptosis biomarkers in gastric cancer diagnosis in Kazakhstan highlights key findings across diverse studies. Biomarkers with the strongest diagnostic potential include p53, RAS, miRNAs (e.g., miR-21, miR-34a), and inflammation markers like NLR (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio), PLR (platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio), and SII (systemic immune-inflammation index). Cytokines, including IL-2 and TNF, were linked to prognosis. DNA repair markers such as γ-H2AX and 53BP1 correlated with improved survival rates. Male predominance was consistent, with 63.1% to 66.4% of participants being male. Key environmental risk factors include Helicobacter pylori infection and heavy metal contamination. Survival rates ranged from 7.3% (Stage IV) to 50.5% (Stage I). The study also observed a statistically significant reduction in mortality rates from 14.0 to 8.9 per 100,000 (p<0.001), reflecting improvements in cancer management and diagnostic interventions.    Conclusion: This review underscores the pivotal role of apoptosis biomarkers in gastric cancer diagnosis in Kazakhstan. Biomarkers such as p53, RAS, and inflammation indices are integral to prognosis. Personalized diagnostic approaches, early detection, and targeted treatments can significantly improve survival outcomes and cancer management in this population.   Gastric cancer diagnosis, Survival rates, Early detection, Gender disparities, Oncology Diagnostics, Cancer Molecular Markers 462 476 http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-9210-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Anar Tulyayeva Dekart_85@mail.ru 200319475328460091274 200319475328460091274 Yes Department of Oncology, Non-Profit Joint-Stock Company “West Kazakhstan Medical University named after Marat Ospanov,” Aktobe, Kazakhstan Yerbolat Iztleuov ermar80@mail.ru 200319475328460091275 200319475328460091275 No Department of Visual Diagnostics, Non-Profit Joint-Stock Company “West Kazakhstan Medical University named after Marat Ospanov,” Aktobe, Kazakhstan Nurgul Kereyeva Nrgl77@mail.ru 200319475328460091276 200319475328460091276 No Department of Oncology, Non-Profit Joint-Stock Company “West Kazakhstan Medical University named after Marat Ospanov,” Aktobe, Kazakhstan Marzhan Aitmagambetova Inzhumarzhan90@mail.ru 200319475328460091277 200319475328460091277 No Department of Oncology, Non-Profit Joint-Stock Company “West Kazakhstan Medical University named after Marat Ospanov,” Aktobe, Kazakhstan Saule Akhmetova saule_7018@mail.ru 200319475328460091278 200319475328460091278 No Department of Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, Non-Profit Joint-Stock Company “West Kazakhstan Medical University named after Marat Ospanov,” Aktobe, Kazakhstan